全國(guó)人大代表、北京市社會(huì)科學(xué)院法學(xué)所研究員馬一德在接受記者采訪(fǎng)時(shí)表示，建議盡快制定符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的外國(guó)國(guó)家豁免法（foreign states immunities law）。

Formulating a foreign states immunities law will protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens as well as foreign investors, said Ma Yide, a deputy to the National People's Congress (NPC) and a law researcher at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences. It will also counteract malicious litigations raised in countries like the United States towards China over the COVID-19 response, Ma told reporters.
全國(guó)人大代表、北京市社會(huì)科學(xué)院法學(xué)所研究員馬一德對(duì)記者表示，制定外國(guó)國(guó)家豁免法將平等保護(hù)我國(guó)國(guó)民和外國(guó)投資者合法權(quán)益，同時(shí)對(duì)等反制美國(guó)等以新冠肺炎疫情向中國(guó)提出的惡意指控。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

國(guó)家主權(quán)豁免（state sovereign immunity）是指國(guó)家根據(jù)國(guó)家主權(quán)和國(guó)家平等原則不接受他國(guó)管轄的特權(quán)。國(guó)家主權(quán)豁免是國(guó)家平等的必然結(jié)果。

一般認(rèn)為，國(guó)家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)豁免權(quán)（state sovereign and property immunity）的內(nèi)容包括以下三個(gè)方面：

1、司法管轄豁免（immunity from jurisdiction）：即未經(jīng)一國(guó)同意，他國(guó)法院不得受理以該外國(guó)國(guó)家為被告或者以該外國(guó)國(guó)家財(cái)產(chǎn)為訴訟標(biāo)的的案件。

2、訴訟程序豁免（immunity from litigation）：即未經(jīng)一國(guó)同意，即使放棄管轄豁免，外國(guó)法院也不得對(duì)該國(guó)財(cái)產(chǎn)采取訴訟保全措施，不得強(qiáng)制出庭作證以及實(shí)施其他訴訟程序上的強(qiáng)制措施。

3、強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行豁免（immunity from forcible execution）：一國(guó)同意在他國(guó)法院中作為被告或主動(dòng)作為原告參加民事訴訟，在未經(jīng)該國(guó)同意時(shí)，他國(guó)法院不得根據(jù)本國(guó)判決對(duì)該國(guó)財(cái)產(chǎn)實(shí)行強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。

在管轄豁免適用范圍方面，主要有絕對(duì)豁免和限制豁免兩種。

絕對(duì)豁免（absolute immunity）主張不論一國(guó)行為及其財(cái)產(chǎn)的性質(zhì)如何，也不論該國(guó)的財(cái)產(chǎn)位于何地、為誰(shuí)所控制，該國(guó)及其財(cái)產(chǎn)在其他國(guó)家法院都享有豁免權(quán)，除非該國(guó)本身自愿放棄這種豁免權(quán)；否則，任何其他國(guó)家的法院都無(wú)權(quán)受理以該國(guó)為被告或以該國(guó)財(cái)產(chǎn)為訴訟標(biāo)的的民事案件。

限制豁免（limited immunity）則將國(guó)家行為分為公法行為(也稱(chēng)主權(quán)行為、統(tǒng)治權(quán)行為) 和私法行為(也稱(chēng)非主權(quán)行為、事務(wù)權(quán)行為、商業(yè)行為) ，并且只對(duì)外國(guó)國(guó)家的公法行為及用于該類(lèi)行為的國(guó)家財(cái)產(chǎn)予以管轄豁免，對(duì)其商業(yè)行為及用于該類(lèi)行為的財(cái)產(chǎn)則行使管轄權(quán)。

馬一德解釋說(shuō)，

The lack of such a law has emerged as a prominent issue in the current epidemic as some countries, led by the United States, tried to shift the blame for their own governments' incompetence on COVID-19 response.
這一問(wèn)題在此次疫情中尤為凸顯，以美國(guó)為首的部分國(guó)家試圖轉(zhuǎn)嫁本國(guó)政府防疫、控疫不力的責(zé)任。

Some groups and individuals in some countries even cited the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of the United States to bring litigations to the Chinese government and relevant departments.
甚至一些國(guó)家的團(tuán)體或個(gè)人依據(jù)美國(guó)的外國(guó)主權(quán)豁免法對(duì)我國(guó)政府和相關(guān)部門(mén)提起訴訟。

"This has trampled on the internationally recognized principle of sovereign immunity, and is also a show of hegemony and power politics," Ma said, stressing the necessity and urgency for China to formulate a foreign states immunities law.
這既是對(duì)國(guó)家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)豁免這一國(guó)際法原則的踐踏，也是國(guó)際霸權(quán)與強(qiáng)權(quán)主義的體現(xiàn)，但同時(shí)凸顯出我國(guó)制定外國(guó)國(guó)家豁免法的必要性、緊迫性。

China follows the principle of absolute immunity of foreign states and their property, thus Chinese litigants are unable to sue foreign governments from domestic courts, while Chinese governments have often been sued in foreign courts, he added.
遵循外國(guó)國(guó)家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)絕對(duì)豁免的一般原則，我國(guó)當(dāng)事人難以在國(guó)內(nèi)法院對(duì)他國(guó)提起訴訟主張權(quán)益，我國(guó)政府卻作為被告在外國(guó)法院被頻頻起訴。

馬一德表示，在新形勢(shì)下，建議重新對(duì)國(guó)家豁免問(wèn)題進(jìn)行審視，由絕對(duì)豁免原則轉(zhuǎn)向國(guó)際主流的限制豁免原則，盡快制定符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的國(guó)家豁免法。

From a long-term perspective, adopting a limited immunities principle will show a responsible manner of the Chinese government to foreign investors, ensure stable expectations for the protection of their investments, and facilitate China's new round of opening-up and the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, he said.
長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，采取限制豁免原則將向外國(guó)投資者展示中國(guó)政府負(fù)責(zé)任的態(tài)度，為保護(hù)其投資提供穩(wěn)定預(yù)期，助力我國(guó)新一輪對(duì)外開(kāi)放、‘一帶一路’倡議深化發(fā)展。

據(jù)了解，在當(dāng)前錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜國(guó)際形勢(shì)和疫情防控常態(tài)化背景下，這一建議一經(jīng)提出就獲得了代表們的理解、認(rèn)同和支持，北京代表團(tuán)代表中超過(guò)35人聯(lián)名簽署并提交該議案。該議案目前已被大會(huì)議案組接收并分送有關(guān)專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)研究。

【相關(guān)詞匯】

政治互信
political mutual trust

人文交流
people-to-people exchanges

戰(zhàn)略溝通
strategic communication

和平共處五項(xiàng)原則
the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

相互尊重主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整
respect one another's sovereignty and territorial integrity

參考來(lái)源：新華網(wǎng)

（中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津 Helen）