導(dǎo)讀：

黨的二十大報(bào)告指出，中國已經(jīng)進(jìn)入創(chuàng)新型國家行列。日前，英國社會(huì)科學(xué)院院士、牛津大學(xué)技術(shù)與管理發(fā)展研究中心主任傅曉嵐教授做客中國日?qǐng)?bào)社推出的訪談節(jié)目《連線·解碼二十大報(bào)告》。她指出，完善健全的創(chuàng)新生態(tài)是創(chuàng)新型國家的共同特征。中國在過去幾十年里，借全球化的東風(fēng)打造了開放的國家創(chuàng)新體系，走出了一條屬于自己的創(chuàng)新之路，為其他發(fā)展中國家提供了重要借鑒。未來，綠色轉(zhuǎn)型將為中國等后發(fā)國家提供重要的創(chuàng)新機(jī)遇。

突破創(chuàng)新

根據(jù)世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織今年發(fā)布的《2022年全球創(chuàng)新指數(shù)報(bào)告》，中國在世界排名第11位，在所有發(fā)展中國家中排名第一，甚至超越了許多發(fā)達(dá)國家。在傅曉嵐看來，中國雖然在論文數(shù)量、專利申請(qǐng)和授予量等方面已然處于世界前列，但與領(lǐng)先的創(chuàng)新國家之間仍存在差距，特別是在突破性創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造方面。

According to the global innovation index 2022 published this year by WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), China ranked eleventh in the world, ranking at the top of all the developing countries, and also has taken over many of the developed countries. In terms of the number of publications and also the number of patent applications and granted, China is at the top of the world,. However, there are still gaps between China and leading innovative countries, especially in terms of groundbreaking innovation.

傅曉嵐列舉了一些典型的創(chuàng)新型國家，如美國、英國、德國、法國、日本、瑞士、芬蘭、瑞典、韓國等。這些創(chuàng)新型國家的共同特征之一是擁有一套強(qiáng)大的國家創(chuàng)新體系，這套國家創(chuàng)新體系中包括雄厚的科技基礎(chǔ)、富有創(chuàng)造力的研發(fā)大軍、充滿活力的創(chuàng)新型公司、強(qiáng)大的產(chǎn)學(xué)研體系，以及支持創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造、鼓勵(lì)勇于冒險(xiǎn)、不走尋常路的有利環(huán)境。總之，創(chuàng)新不僅僅是來自大學(xué)，還要有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資、專業(yè)咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)和法律服務(wù)的支持，以構(gòu)成一套完善健全的創(chuàng)新生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

The typical innovative countries in the world that people normally refer to, include the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Switzerland, the Nordic countries like Finland, Sweden, and recently South Korea. These innovative countries normally have a strong national innovation system. This includes a strong science base, creative R&D manpower, dynamic and innovative companies, strong university and industry linkages, and an environment that favors creativity and innovation and encourages risk-taking and being different. It also has a well-developed innovation ecosystem with not only firms and universities, but also the venture capitals, and specialized consultancy and legal services.

為了在關(guān)鍵技術(shù)領(lǐng)域取得突破，破解被某些西方國家“卡脖子”的難題，傅曉嵐認(rèn)為中國需要“三管齊下”，即在三種創(chuàng)新模式上下功夫：一是針對(duì)存在瓶頸的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域加強(qiáng)研發(fā)；二是應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)自由思考、自由探索類型的研究，讓人們根據(jù)自己的興趣和好奇心進(jìn)行探索；三是建立問題導(dǎo)向機(jī)制，以解決問題為目的，支持突破性創(chuàng)新。

For China to make breakthroughs in critical technology fields, especially "bottleneck" ones, I would recommend using a three-pronged method, i.e., work on three driving forces. The first driver is to enhance R&D efforts in those bottleneck technology fields. The second driver is to encourage research driven by free thinking and exploration, so that people can experiment with their ideas motivated by interests and curiosity. Thirdly, Problem-solving is also an effective mechanism to inspire ground-breaking innovation.

中國經(jīng)驗(yàn)

傅曉嵐認(rèn)為，中國創(chuàng)新政策有四大亮點(diǎn)：一是技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓與自主創(chuàng)新的良好結(jié)合；二是中國在實(shí)施和擴(kuò)大創(chuàng)新政策之前先進(jìn)行試點(diǎn)，并且因地制宜，允許多種不同的政策在不同地區(qū)同時(shí)存在；三是以解決問題為導(dǎo)向，設(shè)定了非常明確的目標(biāo)；四是對(duì)創(chuàng)新研發(fā)的投資非常強(qiáng)勁。在創(chuàng)新研發(fā)方面，中國政府切實(shí)地做出了強(qiáng)有力的承諾，研發(fā)投資超過了所有歐洲國家的總和，在全世界排名第二，僅次于美國。

I think one of the highlights of China's innovation policy is a good combination of technology transfer and indigenous innovation. Secondly, China uses pilots before introducing and scaling up the innovation policies and allows a variety of policies across different regions in this big country. Thirdly, China’s innovation policy had strong and clear targets and is oriented for problem-solving. Fourthly, China has made very strong R&D investments into innovation in the past ten years. Chinese government has made strong commitments on R&D investment. If we compare China with the European countries, China’s R&D investment exceeds the total of all the Europeans countries. China ranks second in terms of R&D expenditure in the world, only after the United States.

中國過去40多年的改革開放和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，以及在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新方面不斷加強(qiáng)能力建設(shè)、趕超發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，為其他發(fā)展中國家提供了重要借鑒。傅曉嵐認(rèn)為，其中最值得強(qiáng)調(diào)的一點(diǎn)是開放的國家創(chuàng)新體系。

China's 40 years of reforms and opening up and the dramatic economic growth, and also China's catch-up in innovation and technology offer many lessons for other developing countries. And if I want to highlight one, I think that is the open national innovation system, which is the Chinese model of innovation capabilities development and catch-up.

中國的創(chuàng)新是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程：早期階段更多地依賴于技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓，而現(xiàn)在則越來越重視自主創(chuàng)新。由于中國的開放恰逢一個(gè)日益全球化的時(shí)代，中國的創(chuàng)新體系對(duì)全球創(chuàng)新體系保持開放。在這個(gè)體系中，市場(chǎng)和國家共同發(fā)揮著驅(qū)動(dòng)創(chuàng)新的作用，而且可以充分調(diào)動(dòng)國內(nèi)和國際兩個(gè)資源、兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)。因此，相比傳統(tǒng)的、只依賴于一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的創(chuàng)新體系，中國的創(chuàng)新體系更有效率，運(yùn)行速度更快。

This is a dynamic process for China’s innovation. In the early stage, the country normally relies more on technology transfer and gradually China places more emphasis on indigenous innovation in its open innovation system. The Chinese innovation system is open to the global innovation system, because China’s opening-up took place in the era with the increasing globalization. In this system, we have the market and the state both of which play an important role as two drivers of innovation for the country and use the resources, talents, capital, and markets, both domestically and internationally. Therefore, this open national innovation system with two drivers - the state and the market, is more efficient and running faster than the traditional innovation system, which only relies on one driver.

綠色機(jī)遇

隨著世界各國對(duì)氣候問題日益關(guān)注，傅曉嵐指出，綠色轉(zhuǎn)型和新能源技術(shù)將為中國和其他發(fā)展中國家提供了一個(gè)引領(lǐng)創(chuàng)新的機(jī)遇窗口。它可以為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長提供源動(dòng)力，為國家創(chuàng)造收入、就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和出口。

This green transformation will bring a new window of opportunity. We call it green windows of opportunity to China and to many developing countries. This becomes a source of economic growth, and creates income, jobs and exports for countries.

發(fā)展中國家作為后發(fā)國家可以以較低的沉沒成本跨越到新的發(fā)展模式。因此，基于中國的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這個(gè)綠色機(jī)遇窗口也可以應(yīng)用于其他發(fā)展中國家。中國正在致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)零碳排放，這一可持續(xù)發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型將為中國帶來巨大機(jī)遇，不僅是發(fā)展綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)的機(jī)遇，也是革新其現(xiàn)有傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的機(jī)遇，使其更清潔，更節(jié)能，生產(chǎn)成本更低，提升中國制造業(yè)和其他行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)效率。

The developing countries as latecomers have lower sunk cost and it can leapfrog to a new development paradigm without heavy sunk costs. Therefore, this green windows of opportunity, based on China's experience, can be offered to other developing countries too. While China is aiming to achieve the zero-carbon emission in the future, this green and sustainability transformation will bring a huge opportunity for China not only to develop the green sector, but also to revolutionize its existing traditional industry, making it cleaner, more energy-efficient, producing at even lower cost, and higher-level efficiency and productivity .

出品人：王浩 劉偉玲

監(jiān)制：柯榮誼 宋平

制片：張少偉

記者：沈一鳴 張欣然 劉源 張釗 欒瑞英 劉夏

實(shí)習(xí)生： 韓婧伊 劉芷彤

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